PHONETIC
SYMBOLS AND SOUNDS
International
phonetic alphabet symbols
Vowels
/ɪ/ pin,
English, business
/e/ bed,
head, bury, exit
/æ/ cat,
bag, apple, black
/ə/ the,
a, woman, banana
/ʊ/ look,
put, could, cushion
/ɒ/ clock,
what, because
/ʌ/ cut,
come, mother
/ɜː/ girl,
burn, word, heard
/ɑː/ car,
art, heart, half
/ɔː/ or,
board, door, small
/ɪː/ sea,
bee, people, receive
/uː/ too, blue, fruit, fool
Dipthongs
/eɪ/ take,
pay, wait, ballet
/ɑɪ/ five,
sigh, height, buy
/ɔɪ/
noise, boy, lawyer
/əʊ/ no,
road, sew, broken
/ɑʊ/
round, renown, doubt
/ɪə/ here,
deer, dear, fierce
/eə/ care,
air, mayor, prayer
/ʊə/ poor, insure, tour, moor
Consonants
/p/ play, stop, speak, power
/b/ bad, baby, big, object
/t/ ten, later, little, pot
/d/ day, advice, bed
/k/ character, quick, taxi
/g/ got, exam, ignore, finger
/f/ food, laugh, telephone
/v/ vain, over, Stephen
/θ/ thin, earth, method, both
/ð/ they, father, breathe, with
/s/ small, since, scene, psalm
/z/ zoo, goes, xenophobe
/ʃ/ shell, nation, machine
/ʒ/ genre, measure, vision
/h/ hot, hair, whole, whose
/m/ moon, lamp, lamb
/n/ can, snow, pneumonia
/ŋ/ string, singer, tongue
/tʃ/ chair, match, future
/dʒ/ just, general, age, soldier
/l/ look, small, bottle, isle
/r/ real, train, wrong, write
/j/ yes, Europe, university
/w/
window, twin, quick, why
English_Pronounciation.Pdf-Adobe Reader.
Articulatory
Phonetics
We
have three goals in this section. First, we introduce you to the ways in
which
the sounds of English are produced. Second, we develop a system for
classifying
speech sounds on the basis of how they are produced. Simultaneously
we
introduce an alphabet approximating that developed by the International
Phonetics
Association (IPA), which will allow us to refer to sounds
quite
precisely. When we want to indicate that letters are to be interpreted
as
phonetic symbols, we enclose them in square brackets, [ ], and when we
want
to indicate that letters are to be interpreted as letters from an ordinary
spelling
system, we enclose them in angled brackets, < >.
The
phonetic alphabet uses many of the letters of the English alphabet, but
their
pronunciations are very restricted and are not always the ones you might
expect.
In this system, there are no “silent” letters—every phonetic symbol
represents
an actual sound. Every letter always has the same pronunciation
regardless
of its context, no letter has more than one pronunciation, and no
sounds
are represented by more than one letter. To make fine distinctions,
phoneticians
add special symbols, called diacritics, to the basic letters. For
some
English sounds and for languages other than English, symbols not from
the
English alphabet have been devised. (You might visit the IPA web site for
a
full listing of the symbols.)
In
the sections to follow, we describe the sounds represented by these
symbols
and how these sounds are made. As we go through these sections,
pay
attention to the ways in which individual sounds are ordinarily spelled
in
English, as well as to the phonetic spellings.
To
produce speech, air must flow from the lungs through the vocal tract,
which
includes the vocal folds (popularly called the vocal cords, though
they
are more like thick elastic bands than strings), the nose or nasal cavity,
and
the mouth or oral cavity (See Figure 1). The vocal folds vibrate
for
some sounds but not for others. Air flows through the nose for certain
sounds
but not others. But the main creator of speech sounds is the mouth.
We
will describe the roles that each of these elements plays in the following
paragraphs.
Picture Vocal Apparatus
Chapter 4.pdf Adobe Reader
